A reference architecture for direct presentation credential flows

Conventions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Introduction Verifiable digital credentials, which assert claims about individuals, organizations, or devices, have become essential tools in modern identity systems. Whether verifying an individual's qualifications, attesting to an enterprise's compliance, or authorizing an IoT device, these credentials rely on secure, efficient, and privacy-preserving mechanisms for their use. Traditional federated identity systems often rely on intermediaries or delegation, which can compromise user privacy or introduce inefficiencies. This document presents an architecture for direct presentation flows, where credentials are presented directly to verifiers without unnecessary intermediaries, empowering the credential subject or their authorized representative to maintain control over the credential's use. At the heart of this architecture is the presentation mediator, an active software component responsible for facilitating secure and privacy-aware interactions. This mediator works in tandem with passive credential stores, verifiers, and issuers, creating a scalable and interoperable system that can adapt to diverse regulatory and operational environments.

Terminology and Roles

Credential manager:: An application, hardware device, or service which securely stores, organizes, manages, and enables presentation of credentials. Digital wallets, password managers, and passkeys managers are examples of credential managers.
Issuer:: The entity that cryptographically signs a verifiable digital credential, thereby asserting its claims about a subject
Issuer service:: The underlying platform or infrastructure service which enables an Issuer to issue a verifiable digital credential.
Verifiable digital credential (VDC):: A cryptographically verifiable, tamper-evident assertion of claims about a subject, signed by an Issuer. VDCs are stored in a Credential Manager.
Verifier:: The entity that cryptographically validates the authenticity and integrity of a verifiable digital credential. A verifier is typically, but not always, the relying party.
Verifier service:: The underlying platform or infrastructure service which enables a Verifier to validate a verifiable digital credential.

Naming the elephant in the room The term "digital wallet" or "digital identity wallet" is often used to denote a container for digital objects representing information about a subject. Such objects are often called "digital credentials". The use of the word "wallet" is both historic, stemming from the origin of some types of wallet in the "crypto" or digital asset community, as well as meant to make the user think of a physical wallet where digital credentials correspond to things like credit cards, currency, loyalty cards, identity cards etc. Arguably the use of the term wallet is often confusing since it may lead to assumptions about the fungibility of identity or that credentials are exchanged as part of a monetary transaction. In this specification we will use the term "presentation mediator" when traditionally the term "identity wallet" or "wallet" has been used.

Terminology used in this specification To anchor this architecture, we define key terms:

A presentation mediator is an active software component that manages the presentation of credentials to the verifier on behalf of the credential subject.
A credential store is a passive repository for securely storing credentials. It supports the presentation mediator by providing access to stored credentials without performing active operations.
The credential subject is the entity the credential pertains to, such as an individual or organization.
A presenter is the actor that delivers a credential to a verifier. While often the credential subject, the presenter could also be an authorized agent or software acting on their behalf.
A credential is a signed, structured document containing claims about a subject, issued by a trusted entity.
An attestation is a statement about a credential, often used to validate or certify its properties, such as its integrity or scope.
A presentation proof is a derived artifact that proves claims from a credential in a specific interaction with a verifier.

A Note on History The origins of the notion of digital identity goes back to the mid 1990s. Historically, Internet protocols were designed to deal with authentication and (sometimes) authorization, i.e. the question of what entity is accessing the protocol and what they are allowed to do. Digital identity can be thought of as a generalization of the concept of a user identifier in a protocol. Today we typically use the term credential subject (abbreviated as 'subject' when there is no risk of confusion) to denote the actor whoese data is being acted upon by the protocol. Most internet protocols represent the credential subject as a "user" identified by a single unique identifier. Identifier in use by Internet protocols were typically never designed to be unified - each security protocol typically designed a separate structure of identifiers. Identifier schemes such as kerberos principal names or X.509 distinguished names are often assumed to be unique across multiple protocol endpoints. This introduces linkability across multiple protocol endpoints. Historically this was never seen as an issue. When web applications were build that required some form of user authentication the notion of externalized or federated user authentication was established as a way to offload the work involved in user management from each web application to some form of centralized service. This is sometimes called "single sign on" - a term used to describe the (sometimes, but not always desirable) property of authentication flows that a user can login in (sign on) once and have the "logged in" state recognized across multiple applications. State replication across multiple web application carries with it a separate set of concerns which is not discussed here. In the late 1990s multiple protocols for "web single sign-on" were developed. Soon the need to connect multiple "SSO-systems" across different administrative and technical realms was recognized. Bridging administrative realms is often called "federating" those realms and the term "federated identity" owes its origin to this practice. The development of standard protocols for federating identity such as the Security Assertion Markup Language and Open ID Connect were initially created in the early to mid 2000s. These protocols are widely deployed today. The notion of digital identity evolved as a generalization of the "single sign-on" concept because modern federation protocols (OIDC, SAML etc) are able to transport not only shared state about the sign-in status of a user (eg in the form of a login-cookie) but can also be used to share information about the subject (user) accessing the service. In some cases identity federation protocols made it possible to fully externalize identity management from the application into an "identity provider"; a centralized service responsible for maintaining information about users and releasing such information in the form of attributes to trusted services (aka relying parties). Federated identity can be thought of as an architecture for digital identity where information about credential subjects is maintained by identity providers and shared with relying parties (sometimes called service providers) as needed to allow subjects to be authenticated and associated with appropriate authorization at the relying party. Here is an illustration of how most federation protocols work. In this example the Subject is requesting some resource at the RP that requires authentication. The RP issues an authentication requests which is sent to the IdP. The IdP prompts the user to present login credentials (username/password or some other authentication token) and after successfully verifying that the Subject matches the login credentials in the IdPs database the IdP returns an authentication response to the RP. A brief illustration of the typical federation flow is useful. For the purpose of this illustration we are not considering the precise way in which protocol messages are transported between IdP and RP, nor do we consider how the Subject is represented in the interaction between the IdP and RP (eg if a user-agent is involved). │ │ │ │ │ │ │Authentication request │ │ │───────────────────────>│ │ │ │ │ Prompt for login credentials │ │<─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─│ │ │ │ │ Presents login credentials │ │ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ >│ │ │ │ │ │Authentication response │ │ │<─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─│ │ │ │ │ Success! │ │ │<─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ │ │ ┌───┴───┐ ┌─┴┐ ┌─┴─┐ │Subject│ │RP│ │IdP│ └───────┘ └──┘ └───┘ ]]> Note that

The Subject only presents login credentials to the IdP
The IdP learns which RP the subject is requesting access to
The RP trusts the IdP to accurately represent information about the Subject

The limitation of this type of architecture and the need to evolve the architecture into direct presentation flow is primarily the second point: the IdP has information about every RP the Subject has ever used. Together with the use of linkable attributes at the RP this becomes a major privacy leak and a significant drawback of this type of architecture. The notion of "Self Sovereign Identity" (SSI) was first introduced in the blogpost by Christopher Allen. The concept initially relied heavily on the assumed dependency on blockchain technology. Recently there has been work to abstract the concepts of SSI away from a dependency on specific technical solutions and describe the key concepts of SSI independently of the use of blockchain, such as the work in . The purpose of this document is to create a reference architecture for some of the concepts involved in SSI in such a way that different implementations can be contrasted and compared. This document attempts to define a set of core normative requirement and also introduce the notion of direct presentation flow to denote the practice of using a mediator to allow the credential subject control over the digital credential sharing flow. Direct presentation flow should be seen as a generalization of the Self-Sovereign Identity concept in the sense that unlike SSI, direct presentation make no assumptions or value judgement about the relative merits of third party data ownership and control. The basic architecture of direct presentation does empower the user with more control than the federated model does but in the SSI architecture the user always has full control over every aspect of data sharing with the RP. This is not necessarily true (eg for legal reasons) in all cases which is why there is a need to describe the technical underpinnings of direct presentation flows in such a way that the full SSI model can be a special case of a direct presentation architecture.

Actors and Entities

Subject and Presenter The credential subject is the entity that the credential describes, such as an individual, an organization, or even an IoT device. However, the presenter—the actor delivering the credential to the verifier—may not always be the credential subject. For example, an administrator might present credentials on behalf of an organization, or a software agent might act as a presenter in automated workflows. This distinction between the credential subject and the presenter allows the architecture to support complex use cases, such as power-of-attorney scenarios or enterprise credentialing systems.

Presentation Mediator (Credential Presentation User Agent) The presentation mediator (mediator for short) is the core active component of this architecture. It initiates and mediates credential presentations, ensuring compliance with credential subject preferences and system policies. For example, it might enforce selective disclosure, revealing only the subject's date of birth to a verifier while withholding other personal details. The presenter controls a presentation mediator. Often the presenter and subject is one and the same entity, eg a natural person controlling her own credentials. There are several situations where the presenter and subject are different entities however, for instance cases where presentation is delegated from a legal entity to an officer of a company or when care staff helps somebody with disabilities present personal credentials. Unlike a credential store, the presentation mediator is responsible for orchestrating interactions with verifiers, performing cryptographic operations, and generating presentation proofs. The mediator is used by the subject to communicate with issuers and by the presenter to communicate with verifiers. The nature of the control the presenter/subject has over the mediator varies but minimally the subject must be able to initiate the receipt of credentials from an issuer and the presenter has to be able to generation and transmission of presentation proofs to a verifier. The mediator acts on behalf of the subject when receiving credentials from an issuer and the issuance process typically involves authenticating the subject to the issuer. This can happen by the use of some delegated authentication exchange whereby the subject is represented by some other entity.

Credential Recipient Mediator (Credential Recipient User Agent)

Credential Store The credential store is a passive repository where credentials are securely stored. Its primary function is to provide the presentation mediator with access to the credentials it needs to generate presentation proofs. By separating storage from active mediation, the architecture enhances modularity and allows credential stores to be managed independently from presentation logic.

Credentials and Presentation Proofs A digital identity credential (abbreviated as 'credential' in this document) is an object representing a set of claims associated with a subject. The credential MAY contain claims that uniquely identify a single subject. A digital identity credential is typically cryptographically bound both to the issuer and to the mediator where it is stored. A presentation proof (abbreviated as 'presentation' in this document) is a proof that a particular issuer has provided a particular set of credentials to the mediator. A presentation can be verified by at least one verifier. A presentation proof can be based on data present in a single credential or in multiple or even on the result of computations based on a set of credentials. A common example is a presentation proof that a subject is legally permitted to take driving lessons. This is a binary attribute which is the result of a computation involving knowledge of both the biological age of the subject as well as legal restrictions that apply to the jurisdiction where the verifier is operating.

Issuer and Verifier An issuer is a set of protocol endpoints that allow a mediator to receive a credential. Credentials issued by the issuer are cryptographically bound to that issuer and to the receiving mediator. A verifier is a set of protocol endpoints that allow a mediator to send a presentation to a verifier. A verifier is typically a component used to provide an application with data about the subject - for instance in the context of an authentication process.

Presentation Flows Credential presentation flows describe how information from credentials are transmitted from the mediator to the verifier. This architecture focuses on direct presentation flows, but it also accommodates variations such as delegated and assisted presentations.

Direct Presentation Flow The basic direct presentation flows looks like this: > ┌┴┐ │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ > │ │ │ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ │ request credential ┌┴┐ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ │ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─>│ │ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ ─ ─ ┐ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ | <> │ ║ │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ < ─ ┘ │ ║ │ ║ │ └┬┘ └┬┘ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ credential │ │ ║ │ ║ │ │<─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─│ │ ║ │ ╚═════════════╪════════════════════════════════╪══════════════════════════════════════════════════════╪════════════════════════════════════╪══╝ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╔══════════════╪╤═════════════════════════════════════════════════════╪════════════════════════════════════╪════════════════════╪══════════════╗ │ ║ VERIFICATION │ │ │ │ ║ │ ╟───────────────┘ request presentation │ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ <─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ │ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ <> │ ┌┴┐ ║ │ ║ │ │ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─>│ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ │ │ └┬┘ ║ │ ║ │ │ <